Reference soil United States of America 24: Kastanozem

US024

Kastanozems occur mainly in the dry parts of the steppe regions of the world. Vast areas are found in central Asia and central USA. Smaller occurrences are reported from the Mediterranean region.

Characteristics

Soils having a mollic horizon (deep, dark coloured surface horizon with a significant accumulation of organic matter and high base saturation) and accumulation of secondary calcium carbonate within 100 cm from the soil surface. They have no diagnostic horizons other than an argic, calcic, cambic, gypsic, or vertic horizon.

Distribution of Kastanozems (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil US024: Kastanozems

Classification

WRB 1998

Hyposodi-calcic horizon- Kastanozem (Anthric)

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Calcic Kastanozem

Local classification:	Hidalgo sandy clay loam

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Typic Calciustoll ustic fine-loamy mixed hyperthermic
USDA-SCS (1975)	Typic Calciustoll ustic fine-loamy mixed hyperthermic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-14	5	0.2	0.2	4.5	32.1	17.8	54.8	13.7	8.4	22.1	23.1
14-37	0	0.2	0.2	4.3	30.6	17.6	52.9	13.8	9	22.8	24.3
37-50	0	0.9	0.2	3.5	26.4	15.6	46.6	14	11.2	25.2	28.2
50-75	1	0.5	0.2	3	22.5	14.1	40.3	14.5	14.9	29.4	30.3
75-99	1	1	0.3	2.4	18.6	12.5	34.8	14.7	18.3	33	32.2
99-121	0	1.1	0.3	2.1	16.1	10.1	29.7	13.9	22.7	36.6	33.7
121-143	0	0.3	0.2	2.2	16.2	10.5	29.4	13.3	22.8	36.1	34.5
143-163	0	0.2	0.3	1.6	14	9.7	25.8	13.3	23.9	37.2	37
163-181	0	0.1	0.2	1.5	13	10	24.8	14.2	23.1	37.3	37.9
181-200	0	0	0.2	1.1	12	10.3	23.6	14.5	23.1	37.6	38.8

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-14	1.55	-	0.024	-	23.1
14-37	1.66	-	0.03	-	24.3
37-50	1.54	-	0.037	-	28.2
50-75	1.53	-	0.037	-	30.3
75-99	1.63	-	0.044	-	32.2
99-121	1.76	-	0.048	-	33.7
121-143	-	-	-	-	34.5
143-163	1.92	-	0.06	-	37
163-181	-	-	-	-	37.9
181-200	1.95	-	0.073	-	38.8

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-14	1.55	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	10.1
14-37	1.66	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	10.4
37-50	1.54	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	11.7
50-75	1.53	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	11.9
75-99	1.63	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	12
99-121	1.76	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	12.6
121-143	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	12.6
143-163	1.92	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	13.5
163-181	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	14.2
181-200	1.95	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	14.5

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-14	8.1	-	-	7	0.88	0.089	10	-	-	-	3.2	1.5	0.4	5.1
14-37	8.1	-	-	7	0.72	0.07	10	-	-	-	2.9	1.1	0.6	4.6
37-50	8.2	-	-	13	0.51	0.05	10	-	-	-	2.7	0.7	0.7	4.1
50-75	8.2	-	-	19	0.39	-	-	-	-	-	2.9	0.7	0.8	4.4
75-99	8.2	-	-	25	0.32	-	-	-	-	-	3.1	0.5	0.9	4.5
99-121	8.2	-	-	29	0.23	-	-	-	-	-	3.5	0.4	0.9	4.8
121-143	8.2	-	-	27	0.20	-	-	-	-	-	4.2	0.4	1.0	5.6
143-163	8.1	-	-	27	0.16	-	-	-	-	-	5.2	0.5	1.0	6.7
163-181	8.2	-	-	25	0.14	-	-	-	-	-	6.2	0.5	1.2	7.9
181-200	8.3	-	-	22	0.17	-	-	-	-	-	6.9	0.6	1.5	9

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-14	-	14	61	3.1	-	-	4
14-37	-	13.9	57	2.5	-	-	4
37-50	-	13.4	48	1.8	-	-	5
50-75	-	13.4	44	1.4	-	-	6
75-99	-	13.9	43	1.1	-	-	6
99-121	-	14.7	44	0.8	-	-	6
121-143	-	15.6	45	0.7	-	-	6
143-163	-	16.6	45	0.6	-	-	6
163-181	-	17.3	46	0.5	-	-	7
181-200	-	17.7	46	0.6	-	-	8

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-14	-	-	-	-	-	0.3	0	-	-	-	-
14-37	-	-	-	-	-	0.3	0	-	-	-	-
37-50	-	-	-	-	-	0.2	0	-	-	-	-
50-75	-	-	-	-	-	0.2	0	-	-	-	-
75-99	-	-	-	-	-	0.2	0	-	-	-	-
99-121	-	-	-	-	-	0.2	0	-	-	-	-
121-143	-	-	-	-	-	0.2	0	-	-	-	-
143-163	-	-	-	-	-	0.2	0	-	-	-	-
163-181	-	-	-	-	-	0.2	0	-	-	-	-
181-200	-	-	-	-	-	0.2	0	-	-	-	-

Depth (cm)	CaSO4.2H2O %	P Bray mg/kg	P Olsen mg/kg	pH CaCl2	clay_noncarbonate % w/w	clay_carbonate % w/w	phosphorus4 mg/kg	phosphorus1 mg/kg	total_sulfur % w/w
0-14	-	-	-	7.8	-	-	-	-	-
14-37	-	-	-	7.8	-	-	-	-	-
37-50	-	-	-	7.9	-	-	-	-	-
50-75	-	-	-	8	-	-	-	-	-
75-99	-	-	-	7.9	-	-	-	-	-
99-121	-	-	-	8	-	-	-	-	-
121-143	-	-	-	8	-	-	-	-	-
143-163	-	-	-	8	-	-	-	-	-
163-181	-	-	-	8	-	-	-	-	-
181-200	-	-	-	8.1	-	-	-	-	-

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
14-37	-	-	-	-	-	-	very weak to weak	weak to medium	-	-	very weak to weak	-
50-75	-	-	-	-	-	-	very weak to weak	weak to medium	-	very weak	very weak to weak	-
121-143	-	-	-	-	-	-	very weak to weak	weak to medium	-	very weak	weak to medium	-

Soluble sands

Depth (cm)	Ca mmol(c)/kg	Mg mmol(c)/kg	K mmol(c)/kg	Na mmol(c)/kg	sum cations mmol(c)/kg	CO3 mmol(c)/kg	HCO3 mmol(c)/kg	Cl mmol(c)/kg	NO3 mmol(c)/kg	SO4 mmol(c)/kg	sum anions mmol(c)/kg
0-14	9	1.8	1.0	2.8	14.6	0	6.1	0.7	3.6	2.6	13
14-37	5.9	1.2	0.5	3.5	11.1	0	4.4	3.1	0	2.4	9.9
37-50	4.1	0.8	0.2	4.1	9.2	0	2.9	1.8	0	3.3	8
50-75	3.9	0.8	0.2	4.4	9.3	0	3.1	1.6	0	3.4	8.1
75-99	4.6	1.0	0.2	5.3	11.1	0	2.8	1.9	0	5.1	9.8
99-121	4.7	1.1	0.1	5.1	11	0	2.9	1.8	0	4.8	9.5
121-143	4.5	1.2	0.1	5.2	11	0	2.8	1.9	0.4	5	10.1
143-163	4.3	1.5	0.1	5	10.9	0	1.5	2.1	0	5.5	9.1
163-181	3.8	1.6	0.1	5.5	11	0	2.1	2.5	0.3	5	9.9
181-200	3.1	1.5	0.1	6.2	10.9	0	2.6	2.9	0	4.4	9.9

Depth (cm)	Sodium ads. ratio	pH e	EC e dS/m	EC 1 : 5 dS/m
0-14	1.2	7.8	1.19	-
14-37	1.86	7.8	1.01	-
37-50	2.62	7.8	0.86	-
50-75	2.87	7.8	0.88	-
75-99	3.17	7.8	1.05	-
99-121	2.99	7.8	1.05	-
121-143	3.08	7.8	1.07	-
143-163	2.94	7.8	1.05	-
163-181	3.35	7.9	1.08	-
181-200	4.09	7.8	1.08	-

You are here

Reference soil United States of America 24: Kastanozem

Characteristics

Reference soil US024: Kastanozems

Classification